The free cocompletion of a locally small category

Proof. Let $F : \C^{\op} \to \Set$ be a small presheaf, so that $F \cong \colim_i \Hom(-,X_i)$ for a small diagram $X : \I \to \C$. For every other (small) presheaf $G : \C^{\op} \to \Set$ we compute, using the Yoneda Lemma, $$\textstyle \Hom(F,G) \cong \lim_i \Hom(\Hom(-,X_i),G) \cong \lim_i G(X_i),$$ and the latter is a set. $\square$

Proof. If $\C$ is empty, there is nothing to prove. Otherwise, choose an object $X \in \C$. Consider the collection of morphisms $\Hom(-,X) \to \Hom(-,X)$, which is surely isomorphic to the set $\Hom(X,X)$. By assumption, it actually is a set. It follows that $\{\id_{\Hom(-,X)}\}$ is a set, and therefore also that $\id_{\Hom(-,X)}$ is a set. This natural transformation is a map that associates to every object $Y \in \Ob(\C)$ the map $\id_{\Hom(Y,X)}$. If we model a map as a set of ordered pairs and ordered pairs as Kuratowski pairs, we get

$$\begin{align*} \id_{\Hom(-,X)} & = \bigl\{(Y,\id_{\Hom(Y,X)}) : Y \in \Ob(\C)\bigr\} \\ & = \bigl\{\{\{Y\},\{Y,\id_{\Hom(Y,X)}\}\} : Y \in \Ob(\C)\bigr\} \end{align*}$$

This construction shows $\Ob(\C) \subseteq \bigcup \bigcup \id_{\Hom(-,X)}$, so that $\Ob(\C)$ is indeed a set. $\square$

Proof. This follows from cocompleteness of $[\C^{\op},\Set]$ with objectwise constructed colimits and the third characterization of small presheaves above. Details can be found as Proposition 5.34 in Kelly's book. $\square$

Proof. By the Yoneda Lemma, the evaluation functor is represented by $\Hom(-,X)$. Thus, it is continuous. $\square$

Proof. The direction $\impliedby$ is trivial in each case. For the direction $\implies$, the evaluation functor $\ev_X : \widehat{\C} \to \Set$ is continuous by Lemma 4 and therefore preserves monomorphisms. Furthermore, it is also cocontinuous by Lemma 3 and therefore preserves epimorphisms. $\square$

Proof. The first statement is a formal consequence of the fact that every monomorphism in $\Set$ is effective and the already established facts that monomorphisms and pushouts can be understood objectwise. For similar reasons, the second statement is a formal consequence of the corresponding fact for $\Set$. $\square$

Proof. We need to prove that for a family of small presheaves $(P_i)_{i \in I}$ the coproduct functor $$\textstyle \prod_{i \in I} \widehat{\C} / P_i \to \widehat{\C}/\coprod_{i \in I} P_i$$ is an equivalence of categories. Since $\Set$ is infinitary extensive, also $[\C^{\op},\Set]$ is infinitary extensive, so that the coproduct functor $$\textstyle \prod_{i \in I} [\C^{\op},\Set] / P_i \to [\C^{\op},\Set]/\coprod_{i \in I} P_i$$ is an equivalence of categories. Since $\widehat{\C}$ is a full subcategory of $[\C^{\op},\Set]$ that is closed under coproducts, it remains to prove that if a coproduct of presheaves $\coprod_{i \in I} F_i$ is small, then each $F_i$ is small. For this, it suffices to prove for two presheaves $F,G$ for which $F+G$ is small, that $F$ is small. The category of elements $\int (F+G)$ identifies with $\int F + \int G$. Thus, the claim follows from the next lemma. $\square$

Proof. Assume that $\I \to \C + \D$ is a final functor, where $\I$ is small. Since $\Cat$ is extensive, we get a decomposition $\I = \I_\C + \I_\D$ with two functors $\I_\C \to \C$ and $\I_\D \to \D$. For every $X \in \C$ the comma category $X \downarrow I_\C$ identifies with the comma category $X \downarrow I$, which is connected. Therefore, $I_\C \to \C$ is final. $\square$

Proof. This follows since $\Set$ is co-Malcev and since finite colimits are objectwise. $\square$

Proof. First, notice that the Yoneda Lemma and the description of epimorphisms (see Lemma 5) implies that representable functors are projective objects. Therefore, also coproducts of representable functors are projective.

Now let $\eta : F \to G$ be an epimorphism of small presheaves. Since $F$ is small, there is an epimorphism $$F_0 \xrightarrow{~ \pi ~} F,$$ where $F_0$ is a coproduct of representable functors. Since $G$ is small, there is a coequalizer diagram

$$G_1 \begin{array}{c} \xrightarrow{~ \alpha ~ }\\[-1.25ex] \xrightarrow[~ \beta ~ ]{} \end{array} G_0 \xrightarrow{~ \psi ~} G,$$

where $G_0$ and $G_1$ are coproducts of representable functors. Since $G_0$ is projective, there is a morphism $\lambda : G_0 \to F$ such that $\eta \circ \lambda = \psi$. Since $F_0$ is projective, there is a morphism $\mu : F_0 \to G_0$ such that $\psi \circ \mu = \eta \circ \pi$. We get the following diagram, where the outer square and the lower triangle commutes, but not necessarily the upper triangle.

$$\begin{CD} F_0 @>{\pi}>> F \\ @V{\mu}VV \, \, \nearrow{\scriptsize \, \lambda} @VV{\eta}V \\ G_0 @>>{\psi}> G \end{CD}$$

Define the morphisms $\gamma,\delta : G_1 \sqcup F_0 \rightrightarrows F$ by $$\gamma|_{G_1} = \lambda \circ \alpha, \quad \delta|_{G_1} = \lambda \circ \beta,$$ $$\gamma|_{F_0} = \lambda \circ \mu, \quad \delta|_{F_0} = \pi.$$ We will prove that $\eta : F \to G$ is a coequalizer of $\gamma$ and $\delta$. First, $\eta$ coequalizes these because $$\eta \circ \gamma|_{G_1} = \eta \circ \lambda \circ \alpha = \psi \circ \alpha = \psi \circ \beta = \eta \circ \lambda \circ \beta = \eta \circ \delta|_{G_1}$$ and $$\eta \circ \gamma|_{F_0} = \eta \circ \lambda \circ \mu = \psi \circ \mu = \eta \circ \pi = \eta \circ \delta|_{F_0}.$$ Conversely, suppose that $\vartheta : F \to H$ is a morphism that coequalizes these morphisms, meaning that $\vartheta \circ \lambda \circ \alpha = \vartheta \circ \lambda \circ \beta$ and $\vartheta \circ \lambda \circ \mu = \vartheta \circ \pi$. The first equation means that there is a morphism $\vartheta' : G \to H$ such that $\vartheta' \circ \psi = \vartheta \circ \lambda$. The second equation then becomes $$\vartheta \circ \pi = \vartheta' \circ \psi \circ \mu = \vartheta' \circ \eta \circ \pi,$$ which is equivalent to $\vartheta = \vartheta' \circ \eta$. We have thus shown that every morphism that coequalizes $\alpha$ and $\beta$ factors through $\eta$, and uniqueness is clear since $\eta$ is an epimorphism. $\square$

Proof. Let $f,g : F \rightrightarrows G$ be a congruence in $\widehat{\C}$. Let $p : G \twoheadrightarrow Q$ be its quotient (i.e. coequalizer) in $\widehat{\C}$, which is constructed objectwise. Applying the functorial definition of a congruence to representable functors in $\widehat{\C}$, we see that for every object $X \in \C$ that $f(X),g(X) : F(X) \rightrightarrows G(X)$ is a congruence in $\Set$. Since congruences in $\Set$ are effective, $f(X),g(X)$ is the kernel pair of $p(X)$; we are also using this result. Therefore, $f,g$ is the kernel pair of $p$ in the category of all presheaves, a fortiori in the category of small presheaves. $\square$

Proof. Let $F \rightrightarrows G$ be a cocongruence in $\widehat{\C}$. Since the inclusion functor $\widehat{\C} \hookrightarrow [\C^{\op},\Set]$ preserves finite colimits by Lemma 3, this is the same as a cocongruence of presheaves where $F,G$ happen to be small. Since cocongruences in $\Set$ are effective (by this result), and in fact cokernel pairs of their equalizer (see here), the cocongruence is isomorphic to $$F \rightrightarrows F \sqcup_E F,$$ where $E \coloneqq \eq(F \rightrightarrows G)$ is the objectwise defined equalizer in $[\C^{\op},\Set]$. We would be done if $E$ were small, which however is not the case in general. But we can prove that $E$ is a quotient of a small presheaf, or equivalently, a quotient of a coproduct of representable presheaves, which is sufficient, since any epimorphism $E' \to E$ satisfies $F \sqcup_E F = F \sqcup_{E'} F$. (Such presheaves are also called petty in the literature.)

We view the pushout $P \coloneqq F \sqcup_E F$ as the union of two copies $F_1,F_2$ of $F$ with $F_1 \cap F_2 = E$. In particular, we regard $E,F_1,F_2$ as sub-presheaves of $P$. For a morphism $f$ in $\C$, we write $f^*$ instead of $P(f)$.

Since $P \cong G$ is small, its category of elements $\int P$ has a finally small subcategory $\K$. Let $K \subseteq \Ob(\C)$ be the set of objects that appear in $\K$. We claim that $$\{(A,a) : A \in K, \, a \in E(A)\}$$ is a weakly terminal set in $\int E$, which is equivalent to saying that the canonical morphism $$\textstyle \coprod_{A \in K,\, a \in E(A)} \Hom(-,A) \to E$$ is an epimorphism of presheaves, as required.

Let $(X,x)$ be an object of $\int E$, i.e. $X \in \Ob(\C)$ and $x \in E(X)$. In particular, $x \in P(X)$. Thus the comma category $(X,x) \downarrow \K$ is connected, and therefore non-empty. Choose an object $f : (X,x) \to (A,a)$. Thus, $A \in K$, $a \in P(A)$, and $f : X \to A$ satisfies $f^*(a)=x$. If $a \in E(A)$, we are done. Assume otherwise and, without loss of generality, $a \in F_1(A)$. Let $b \in F_2(A) \subseteq P(A)$ be the corresponding element in the other copy of $F$. Using the flip automorphism of $P$ that fixes $E$ and exchanges $F_1$ and $F_2$, we see that $f^*(b)=x$. Thus, we also have a morphism $f' : (X,x) \to (A,b)$ with the same underlying morphism $f : X \to A$.

Since $(X,x) \downarrow \K$ is connected, the two morphisms $f$ and $f'$ are connected to each other. Thus, there are morphisms $(X,x) \to (A_i,a_i)$ with $A_i \in K$, $a_i \in P(A_i)$, starting with $f$ and ending with $f'$, such that for each pair of adjacent indices $i,i+1$, there is a morphism $(A_i,a_i) \to (A_{i+1},a_{i+1})$ or a morphism $(A_{i+1},a_{i+1}) \to (A_i,a_i)$. If any $a_i$ is contained in $E(A_i)$, we would be done. Assume, for a contradiction, that this is not the case.

In this case, we can prove inductively that $a_i \in F_1(A_i)$ as follows. The base case follows from $a \in F_1(A)$. If $a_i \in F_1(A_i)$ and there is a morphism $(A_{i+1},a_{i+1}) \to (A_i,a_i)$, we immediately get $a_{i+1} \in F_1(A_{i+1})$ since $F_1$ is a sub-presheaf of $P$. If, on the other hand, there is a morphism $(A_i,a_i) \to (A_{i+1},a_{i+1})$ and $a_{i+1} \notin F_1(A_{i+1})$, we would get $a_{i+1} \in F_2(A_{i+1})$, hence $a_i \in F_1(A_i) \cap F_2(A_i) = E(A_i)$, contradicting our assumption.

Therefore, every $a_i$ lies in $F_1(A_i)$. But the last element in this chain is $b \in F_2(A)$, so we would have $b \in E(A)$, contradicting our assumption. $\square$